The intact skin plays an important role in the prevention of infection or disease because it is part of the body’s first line of defence against infection, involves good health and entails natural biochemical, mechanical as well as anatomic protection (Fortunato, 2009). When a wound occurs, the skin and its components become involved in the healing process in other to restore the integrity of the skin (Mulder, 2012) The cutaneous layer consists of two main layers which are known as the epidermis and the dermis. The skin also includes structures in the cutaneous layer, such as the sweat and the sebaceous glands, hair and nails. The body’s largest and most important organ is the skin and its functional components are the cutaneous layer that includes the epithelium and the connective tissue. It is necessary to give careful attention to the creation and maintenance of a safe and acceptable therapeutic operating room complex environment in order to prevent the potential development of nosocomial infections, because the integrity of the patient’s skin is compromised during a surgical procedure. The operating room complex environment, including the nursing personnel, may play a role in the transmission of nosocomial infections and therefore (DeLaune and Ladner 2008) state that nosocomial infections may be transmitted to the patient by the nursing personnel who fail to practise or carry out the sterile technique principles. He equally explained how the Arabian physicians in the middle ages used Mercury chloride to prevent sepsis in wounds by introducing hypochlorite and iodine as a treatment for open wounds in 18 respectively. He also identified Ernst Von Bergmann as the person who introduced the autoclave, a device used for practice of steam sterilization of surgical instruments under pressure. These are a few of the reasons why Joseph Lister is often referred to as the ‘father of antiseptic surgery’ (Elana, 2012).įurthermore, Pittet (2012) stated that Lawson Tait went from antisepsis to asepsis by introducing principles and the iconic statutes that have remained valid to this day. The culmination of his emphasis on the principle of preventative medicine was the opening of the institute in 1981. The success of this operation forced people to accept that this method greatly added to the safety of operative surgery. ![]() The turning point for Lister came on Octowhen he had the opportunity to perform a simple knee operation (wiring a fracture kneecap, which entailed deliberate conversion of simple fractured into a compound fracture), which often resulted in generalised infection and death. Some countries like England and America were still in opposition to his germ theory though. Joseph Lister introduced the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic and reduced surgical infection rates especially in 1870 when it saved the lives of many Prussian soldiers. Then Joseph Lister began soaking his surgical dressings in carbolic acid (phenol) because he heard that carbolic acid has been used to treat sewage in Carlise and the fields that had been treated were now free of parasitic causing diseases, leading to a dramatic decrease in the number of post operational infections (Mokhoro, 2012). Ignazsemmelweis showed that washing the hands prior to delivery reduced puerperal fever in the ward of vienna’s lying-in hospital.Īfter the suggestion Louis Pasteur, who proved that microorganism caused spoilage and could be transported via the air, placing booth in flasks with long shaped necks, after boiling the booths, observed that no microorganisms grew in the flask, The modern concept of asepsis evolved in the 19 th century. ![]() ![]() ![]() The ancient Greeks and Romans used silver vessels to restore fresh liquid and wine, settlers in the Australian use silver ware and pioneers of the American west put silver and copper coins in drinking water for the same purpose (Lois, 2013). The ancient Chinese, Persians and Egyptians had methods for water sanitation and antisepsis for wounds. An ancient record shows that antiseptic techniques date far back into history.
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